Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline

Hongda Cui; Stanislav Gorbachev; S Aganov

doi:10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612

VAK Russia 5.8.5 JEL L83 UDC 796.83 CSCSTI 77.29 Russian Classification of Professions by Education 49.06.01 Russian Library and Bibliographic Classification 3 Russian Trade and Bibliographic Classification 5 BISAC COM018000 VAK Russia 2.2.12 VAK Russia 5.8.4 JEL Z29 UDC 796.012 UDC 796.012.114 CSCSTI 77.05 CSCSTI 77.13 CSCSTI 77.03 CSCSTI 77.01 CSCSTI 20.00 Russian Classification of Professions by Education 09.02.05 Russian Library and Bibliographic Classification 75 Russian Trade and Bibliographic Classification 2352 Russian Trade and Bibliographic Classification 4617 BISAC COM089000 BISAC COM074000 BISAC TEC059000 BISAC SPO008000 BISAC SPO063000 BISAC SPO047000

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DIGITAL REGISTRATION OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONTACT LOAD ON THE STRIKING SURFACE OF A BOXING GLOVE DURING HOOK PUNCHES IN THE «STRIKE FORCE» DISCIPLINE Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline

АА Аа

Published in Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports · Volume 3, Issue 3, 2026 · Pages 1–17 · Rubric: SPORTS ENGINEERING

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612 · EDN: FNLIVE

Received: 14.06.2026 Accepted: 03.09.2026 Published: 19.09.2026

Authors

Hongda Cui

ORCID SPIN

Stanislav Gorbachev

ORCID SPIN

S Aganov

ORCID SPIN

Hongda Cui

Russian University of Sport «GTSOLIFK» postgraduate student of the Department of Boxing, Kickboxing and Eastern Martial Arts named after K. V. Gradopolov · Russian Federation · Moscow

ORCID SPIN

Stanislav Gorbachev

Academic degree: candidate of pedagogical sciences

Science rang: professor

Russian University of Sport “GTSOLIFK” Head of the Department of Boxing, Kickboxing and Eastern Martial Arts named after K. V. Gradopolov · Russian Federation · Moscow

ORCID SPIN

S Aganov

Academic degree: doctor of pedagogical sciences

Science rang: professor

Saint-Petersburg university of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia professor · department of philosophy and social sciences

ORCID SPIN

ABSTRACT

Relevance. The development of digital measuring systems in martial arts allows us to move away from visual expert assessments of impact towards quantitative registration of contact parameters, such as force, speed, and spatial structure. In the field of “impact force”, which is included in the All-Russian Sports Register, there is a lack of development in microscopic analysis of the contact area between a glove and a measuring device, which limits objective assessment of impact quality and monitoring of boxer’s technical training. Aim. To evaluate the potential of using the developed boxing glove sensor system to record the spatial distribution of contact force during a side impact with maximum intensity, and to determine the main characteristics of the contact area in a group of boxers. Additionally, we aim to assess the variability of recorded indicators. Methods. The study used an observational, instrumental, cross-sectional design. The maximum impact force peak was recorded using the CROCUS complex (3500 Hz), and the contact load distribution was measured using an 8 × 8 wearable sensor matrix with 64 channels integrated into the GREEN HILL glove (12 oz). The analysis included the best side punches from 32 boxers aged 20.2 ± 2.3 years. Mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. CV was interpreted as an indicator of inter-individual variability rather than test-retest reliability. Results. The average maximum force during the side impact was 2975.5 N (SD=486.2 N; 95% CI: 2802.3–3148.7 N; CV=16.3%). The average total load on the sensor array was 683.6 N (SD=118.6 N; 95% CI: 640.8–726.3 N; CV=17.4%). On the normalized map of the group, the highest load was located in the center-right area. The center of pressure (CoP) was located at coordinates X = 4.78, Y = 4.52, and the central zone of 4 × 4 covered 52.7% of the total load, with CV ranging from 11.6% to 17.4%. These results indicate moderate inter-individual variability, and they are not considered evidence of the reproducibility of the measurement procedure. Conclusions. The sensor glove can be used as an additional digital tool for spatial characterization of glove-projectile contact and technical impact analysis. However, the total load of the matrix should not replace high-frequency measurements of the CROCUS peak force, nor be interpreted as a mechanical force transfer coefficient. Repeated measurements with calculation of ICC/SEM are necessary to assess test-retest reliability.

KEYWORDS

strike force, boxing, hook punch, dynamometer, boxing glove, sensor matrix, piezoresistive sensor, center of pressure, contact load, sports engineering

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GOST

Cui H., Gorbachev S. S., Aganov S. S. Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline // Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports. 2026. no. 3. pp. 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612. EDN: FNLIVE. (Date of access 24.09.2026).

MLA

Hongda Cui, Gorbachev S. S., Aganov S. S.. "Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline." Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports 3.3 (2026): 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612. EDN: FNLIVE.

APA

Cui H., Gorbachev S. S., Aganov S. S. (2026). Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline. Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports, 3(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612 EDN: FNLIVE.

Chicago

Hongda Cui, Gorbachev S. S., Aganov S. S.. "Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline." Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports 3, no. 3 (2026): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612. EDN: FNLIVE.

WIKI

{{cite journal | author = Cui H., Gorbachev S. S., Aganov S. S. | title = Digital registration of the spatial distribution of contact load on the striking surface of a boxing glove during hook punches in the «strike force» discipline | journal = Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports | year = 2026 | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 1-17 | doi = 10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-3-e202612 }} EDN: FNLIVE

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