Tehran, Iran
Budapest, Hungary
Shiraz, Iran
Budapest, Hungary
VAC 5.4.4 Социальная структура, социальные институты и процессы
VAC 5.3.3 Психология труда, инженерная психология, когнитивная эргономика
VAC 2.3.1 Системный анализ, управление и обработка информации, статистика
VAC 1.2.2 Математическое моделирование, численные методы и комплексы программ
VAC 3.1.33 Восстановительная медицина, спортивная медицина, лечебная физкультура, курортология и физиотерапия
UDK 004.04 Ориентация процесса обработки данных
UDK 311 Теория статистики. Статистические методы
UDK 796.332 Футбол
UDK 316.6 Социальная психология
UDK 616-036.22 Эпидемии. Эпидемиология
GRNTI 77.31 Спортивные соревнования
GRNTI 77.05 Медико-биологические основы физической культуры и спорта
GRNTI 04.61 Социология личности и поведения
GRNTI 04.15 Методология социологии. Методика и техника социологических исследований
GRNTI 15.41 Социальная психология
GRNTI 27.43 Теория вероятностей и математическая статистика
GRNTI 77.00 ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА И СПОРТ
OKSO 49.04.03 Спорт
OKSO 01.03.05 Статистика
OKSO 32.00.00 Науки о здоровье и профилактическая медицина
OKSO 39.00.00 Социология и социальная работа
BBK 58 Прикладные отрасли медицины
BBK 73 Научно-информационная деятельность
BBK 75 Физическая культура и спорт
TBK 5 ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ НАУКИ. ТЕХНИКА. МЕДИЦИНА
TBK 7 ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ. ЭКОНОМИКА. ПРАВО.
BISAC COM018000 Data Processing
BISAC SPO015000 Football
BISAC SPO041000 Sports Psychology
BISAC PSY031000 Social Psychology
BISAC PSY032000 Statistics
BISAC MAT029020 Probability & Statistics / Multivariate Analysis
BISAC COM077000 Mathematical & Statistical Software
BISAC MED028000 Epidemiology
BISAC MED084000 Sports Medicine
BISAC SPO066000 Sociology of Sports
This study aimed to prioritize the effects of COVID-19 and stadiums without spectators on the judgment of football referees, assistant football referees, futsal referees, and beach soccer referees in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to collect the data. The qualitative section involved interviews with 15 refereeing experts, while the quantitative section involved male and female football referees, futsal referees, and beach soccer referees in Iran (n=339). Following the interviews, a researcherdesigned questionnaire with 14 questions was electronically distributed among the referees. They were asked in general about the impact of the absence of spectators on their performance. To identify the factors and components affecting referees, factor analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Additionally, first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (SEM) was performed using LISREL software to validate the components. Finally, the identified factors were ranked using the Friedman test. It was found that stadiums without spectators benefited young and inexperienced referees, as they were able to judge matches more effectively. The closed doors format also resulted in less psychological pressure on referees, players, and coaches, since there were no spectators to protest mistakes or poor performance.
behind closed doors, decision-making, COVID-19, referees, spectators
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