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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Российский журнал информационных технологий в спорте</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2949-6349</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">101370</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62105/2949-6349-2025-2-2-42-60</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">kkjebq</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНОЙ И СПОРТИВНОЙ ФИЗИОЛОГИИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN EXTREME AND SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНОЙ И СПОРТИВНОЙ ФИЗИОЛОГИИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Software and hardware tools for preventing the negative effects of weightlessness affecting astronauts during orbital flights</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Программно-технические средства профилактики негативных эффектов невесомости,  воздействующей на космонавтов в условиях орбитальных  полетов</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Кокуева</surname>
       <given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kokueva</surname>
       <given-names>Mariya Andreevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>kokueva.m@yandex.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-4752</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Фомина</surname>
       <given-names>Елена Валентиновна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Fomina</surname>
       <given-names>Elena Valentinovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации - Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation - Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации - Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation - Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-21T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-21T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>42</fpage>
   <lpage>60</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>03</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-15T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>15</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjits.ru/en/nauka/article/101370/view">https://rjits.ru/en/nauka/article/101370/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Актуальность. Длительное пребывание в невесомости вызывает серьезные нарушения функций физиологических систем организма: перераспределение жидкостей в краниальном направлении, потерю костной и мышечной массы, снижение аэробной работоспособности и ортостатической устойчивости, космическую болезнь движения. Эти эффекты затрудняют реадаптацию к условиям Земной гравитации и представляют критический риск для будущих межпланетных миссий (на Луну, Марс), где оказание помощи экипажу на месте посадки невозможно.&#13;
Цель. Систематизировать современные программно-технические средства профилактики негативных эффектов невесомости, применяемые в настоящее время на Международной космической станции (МКС), с акцентом на российский сегмент, и оценить их эффективность.&#13;
Методы. Сравнительная оценка российских (БД-2, ВБ-3М, «Чибис» и др.) и международных (ARED, CEVIS, Т2) профилактических средств на МКС, обзор тренировочных методик (российская система профилактики негативных влияний невесомости с акцентом на выполнение естественных локомоций - ходьбы и бега; программа NASA с преобладанием силовых нагрузок) и данных научной литературы.&#13;
Результаты. Основой профилактики гипогравитационных нарушений являются физические тренировки:&#13;
-	на «бегущей дорожке» с аксиальным нагружением - ключевое средство для сохранения функций сердечно-сосудистой системы, аэробной выносливости, ортостатической устойчивости и способности к выполнению естественных локомоций - ходьбы и бега. Особенно эффективны бег в «пассивном» режиме движения полотна «бегущей дорожки» и быстрый бег;&#13;
-	на силовом тренажере - наиболее эффективное средство против потери костной массы и мышечной атрофии (основное тренировочное средство NASA);&#13;
-	на велоэргометре - поддерживают аэробные/анаэробные возможности организма.&#13;
Дополнительными средствами в российской системе профилактики невесомости являются: окклюзионные манжеты, используемые на начальном этапе полёта; миостимуляторы и компенсатор опорной разгрузки, которые используются по желанию космонавта в ходе полёта; костюм для создания отрицательного давления на нижнюю часть тела (пневмовакуумный костюм «Чибис»), используемый на заключительном этапе полёта; водно-солевые добавки и противоперегрузочый костюм «Кентавр».&#13;
При сравнении подходов было выявлено, что российская система фокусируется на выполнении естественных локомоций - ходьбы и бега на «бегущей дорожке», а система партнеров NASA – преимущественно на упражнениях на велоэргометре (велоэргометр CEVIS) и силовых тренировках (силовой тренажер ARED).&#13;
Заключение. Существующие средства и методы профилактики, в основе которых лежит выполнение физических тренировок на специальных тренажёрах, существенно смягчают негативные эффекты невесомости на МКС. Российский подход к профилактике негативных влияний невесомости заключается в преимущественном выполнении естественных локомоций - ходьбы и бега, с акцентом на быстрый бег и бег в «пассивном» режиме движения полотна «бегущей дорожки». Иностранные партнёры по МКС делают упор на выполнение велотренировок и силовых тренировок. Тем не менее, проблема защиты организма человека от негативного влияния невесомости не решена полностью, ни одна система не гарантирует полного предотвращения физиологических сдвигов и быстрой реадаптации. Для будущих межпланетных миссий необходима дальнейшая оптимизация протоколов тренировок и разработка новых методик дозирования и корректирования нагрузки с использованием современных информационных технологий.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Relevance. Prolonged exposure to weightlessness causes serious violations of the functions of the physiological systems of the body: redistribution of fluids in the cranial direction, loss of bone and muscle mass, decreased aerobic performance, orthostatic intolerance, space motion sickness. These effects make it difficult to adapt to the conditions of Earth's gravity and pose a critical risk for future interplanetary missions (to the Moon, Mars), where assistance to the crew at the landing site is impossible.&#13;
Goal. To systematize modern software and hardware tools for the prevention of negative effects of weightlessness currently used on the International Space Station (ISS), with an emphasis on the Russian segment, and to evaluate their effectiveness.&#13;
Methods. Comparative assessment of Russian (BD-2, WB-3M, “Chibis”, etc.) and international (ARED, CEVIS, T2) preventive measures on the ISS, review of training programs (the Russian system for preventing the negative effects of weightlessness with an emphasis on performing natural locomotion - walking and running; NASA program with the predominance of strength training) and scientific literature.&#13;
Results. Physical training is the basis for the prevention of negative effects of weightlessness:&#13;
-	on a treadmill with axial loading, it is a key tool for maintaining the functions of the cardiovascular system, aerobic performance, orthostatic stability and the ability to perform natural locomotion - walking and running. Running in the &quot;passive&quot; mode of treadmill movement and fast running are especially effective;&#13;
on a strength trainer - the most effective remedy against bone loss and muscle atrophy (the main training tool of NASA);&#13;
-	on the bicycle ergometer - they support the aerobic/anaerobic capabilities.&#13;
Additional means in the Russian countermeasure system are: occlusal cuffs used at the initial stage of the flight; muscle stimulators and a support unloading compensator, which are used at the request of the cosmonaut during the flight; a suit for creating negative pressure on the lower body (pneumatic vacuum suit &quot;Chibis&quot;), used at the final stage of the flight; water-salt additives and an anti-overload The Centaur anti-g suit. When comparing the approaches, it was revealed that the Russian system focuses on performing natural locomotion - walking and running on a treadmill, while the system of NASA partners focuses on cycling (CEVIS cycle ergometer) and strength training (ARED strength trainer).&#13;
Conclusions. Existing means and methods of prevention of negative effects of microgravity, based on performing physical training on special simulators, significantly mitigate the negative effects of weightlessness on the ISS. The Russian approach to preventing the negative effects of weightlessness consists primarily in performing natural locomotion - walking and running, with an emphasis on fast running and running in the &quot;passive&quot;mode of treadmill. The international partners on the ISS focus on performing cycling and strength training. Nevertheless, the problem of protecting the human body from the negative effects of weightlessness has not been completely solved, no system guarantees complete prevention of physiological changes and rapid readaptation to gravity. For future interplanetary missions, it is necessary to further optimize training protocols and develop new methods of dosing and load adjustment using modern information technologies.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>профилактика негативных эффектов невесомости</kwd>
    <kwd>физические тренировки</kwd>
    <kwd>«бегущая дорожка» БД-2</kwd>
    <kwd>силовой тренажёр ARED</kwd>
    <kwd>искусственный интеллект в космической медицине</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>prevention of negative effects of weightlessness</kwd>
    <kwd>physical exercise</kwd>
    <kwd>BD-2 treadmill</kwd>
    <kwd>ARED resistance trainer</kwd>
    <kwd>artificial intelligence in space medicine</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках программы фундаментальных исследований ГНЦ РФ - ИМБП РАН (№ FMFR-2024-0037).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
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