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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Information Technology in Sports</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Российский журнал информационных технологий в спорте</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2949-6349</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6abcb365f4b844d7ed45ca82</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62105/2949-6349-2026-3-4-e202616</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">asypou</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ИСТОРИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СПОРТЕ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ИСТОРИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СПОРТЕ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Towards a mathematical theory of athletic training. Part 3. The theory of adaptation of energy metabolism to physical loads by Nikolai Ivanovich Volkov</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>На пути к математической теории спортивной тренировки. Часть 3. Теория адаптации энергетического обмена к физическим нагрузкам Николая Ивановича Волкова</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-7442</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Тимме</surname>
       <given-names>Егор Анатольевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Timme</surname>
       <given-names>Egor Anatol'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>info@rjits.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">АО &quot;Центр Звёздный&quot;</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">JSC &quot;Zvezdny Center&quot;</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Ассоциация компьютерных наук в спорте</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">RU</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Association of Computer Science in Sport</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">RU</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>34</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-20T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-22T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>22</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Тимме Е.А.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Timme E.A.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимме Егор Анатольевич</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timme Egor Anatol'evich</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjits.ru/en/nauka/publications/6abcb365f4b844d7ed45ca82/view">https://rjits.ru/en/nauka/publications/6abcb365f4b844d7ed45ca82/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Актуальность. В 1960-1970-е годы в СССР началось активное применение математических методов в спорте. Однако вклад доктора биологических наук, профессора Николая Ивановича Волкова, основоположника научного направления «биоэнергетика спорта» и создателя соответствующей кафедры в ГЦОЛИФК, в построение математической теории адаптации к напряжённой мышечной деятельности до сих пор не систематизирован. Между тем именно он впервые описал кинетику биоэнергетических процессов системой дифференциальных уравнений и ввёл критерии мощности, ёмкости и эффективности механизмов энергообеспечения.&#13;
Цели работы — систематизация, интерпретация и сравнительный анализ идей, моделей и результатов Н.И. Волкова, относящихся к теории адаптации и её математическому выражению; выявление структуры предложенной им модели и её места среди других подходов; установление типологии связей между его построениями и современными моделями.&#13;
Методы. Проанализированы научные труды и биографические материалы Н.И. Волкова 1965-2013 гг., включая статьи 1965, 1966 и 1968 годов, докторскую диссертацию (1990) и монографию «Биоэнергетика спорта» (2011). Проведено сопоставление с подходами Н.Н. Энгвера, Э. Банистера и В. Н. Селуянова, с современными количественными моделями биоэнергетики мышечной деятельности и типологизация связей между моделями.&#13;
Результаты. Систематизирована математическая модель адаптации Н.И. Волкова: 1) компартментная кинетическая модель энергетического обмена, в которой динамика субстрата окисления описывается линейным дифференциальным уравнением второго порядка; 2) биэкспоненциальные уравнения кинетики потребления O₂ при работе и в восстановлении и уравнение динамики лактата в виде разности двух экспонент; 3) система критериев мощности, ёмкости и эффективности для алактатного, гликолитического и аэробного механизмов; 4) аппарат оптимизации тренировочного процесса — целевые функции, зона оптимальных нагрузок и планирование экстремального эксперимента. Подход Н.И. Волкова сопоставлен с подходами Н.Н. Энгвера, Э. Банистера и В. Н. Селуянова и охарактеризован как механистический, исходящий из кинетики метаболических процессов. Решение уравнений модели сопоставлено с современными представлениями: быстрая и медленная экспоненциальные составляющие кинетики потребления O₂ соответствуют фазе II и медленному компоненту, а расчётное время максимума содержания лактата — наблюдаемому при нагрузке выше максимального устойчивого уровня. Установлено, что Р. Мортон опирался на работу Н.И. Волкова 1966 года, а его трёхкомпонентная модель рассматривается в литературе как развитие моделей Н.И. Волкова. Предложена типология связей: прямое цитирование, структурное совпадение, понятийное соответствие, аналогия и общность объекта. Показано, что понятие критической мощности и ограниченного резерва работы сверх неё соответствует критериям мощности и ёмкости Н.И. Волкова, максимальный устойчивый уровень лактата — представлению о критической нагрузке, а модели восстановления этого резерва аналогичны уравнениям кинетики восстановления.&#13;
Заключение. Н.И. Волков создал первую в отечественной спортивной науке целостную математическую теорию адаптации энергетического обмена к физическим нагрузкам, которая завершает ряд из четырёх математических моделей спортивной тренировки, рассмотренных в настоящей серии работ, и даёт в нём механистическое звено — описание на уровне кинетики метаболических процессов. Его уравнения и критерии сохраняют значение как основа современных моделей управления тренировочным процессом, а сформулированный им прогноз — разработка математических моделей адаптации и автоматизированных систем управления физическим состоянием спортсменов — определяет программу исследований и в настоящее время.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Relevance. In the 1960s–1970s the Soviet Union saw the beginning of the active application of mathematical methods in sport. However, the contribution of Nikolai Ivanovich Volkov, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, founder of the research field of “sport bioenergetics” and creator of the corresponding department at the GTSOLIFK, to the construction of a mathematical theory of adaptation to strenuous muscular activity has not yet been systematized. Meanwhile, it was he who was the first to describe the kinetics of bioenergetic processes by a system of differential equations and to introduce the criteria of power, capacity and efficiency of the energy supply mechanisms.&#13;
Objectives of the work — systematization, interpretation and comparative analysis of the ideas, models and results of N.I. Volkov relating to the theory of adaptation and its mathematical expression; identification of the structure of the model he proposed and of its place among other approaches; establishment of a typology of relations between his constructions and modern models.&#13;
Methods. The scientific works and biographical materials of N.I. Volkov of 1965–2013 were analysed, including the papers of 1965, 1966 and 1968, his doctoral dissertation (1990) and the monograph “Sport Bioenergetics” (2011). A comparison was made with the approaches of N.N. Engwer, E. Banister and V.N. Seluyanov and with modern quantitative models of the bioenergetics of muscular activity, and the relations between the models were classified.&#13;
Results. The mathematical model of adaptation of N.I. Volkov has been systematized: 1) a compartmental kinetic model of energy metabolism in which the dynamics of the oxidizable substrate is described by a second-order linear differential equation; 2) biexponential equations of the kinetics of O₂ uptake during work and in recovery and an equation of lactate dynamics in the form of a difference of two exponentials; 3) a system of criteria of power, capacity and efficiency for the alactate, glycolytic and aerobic mechanisms; 4) an apparatus for optimizing the training process — target functions, the zone of optimal loads and the design of an extreme experiment. The approach of N.I. Volkov has been compared with the approaches of N.N. Engwer, E. Banister and V.N. Seluyanov and characterized as mechanistic, proceeding from the kinetics of metabolic processes. The solution of the equations of the model has been compared with current views: the fast and slow exponential components of the kinetics of O₂ uptake correspond to phase II and to the slow component, while the calculated time of the maximum lactate content corresponds to that observed at a load above the maximal lactate steady state. It is established that R. Morton relied on the 1966 paper of N.I. Volkov, and his three-component model is regarded in the literature as a development of the models of N.I. Volkov. A typology of relations is proposed: direct citation, structural coincidence, conceptual correspondence, analogy and commonality of the object. It is shown that the notion of critical power and of the limited work reserve above it corresponds to the criteria of power and capacity of N.I. Volkov, the maximal lactate steady state to the notion of a critical load, and the models of reconstitution of this reserve are analogous to the equations of recovery kinetics.&#13;
Conclusion. N.I. Volkov created the first integral mathematical theory of the adaptation of energy metabolism to physical loads in Russian sport science, which completes the series of four mathematical models of athletic training considered in the present cycle of papers and supplies in it the mechanistic link — a description at the level of the kinetics of metabolic processes. His equations and criteria retain their significance as a basis for modern models of training process management, while the forecast he formulated — the development of mathematical models of adaptation and automated systems for controlling the physical condition of athletes — defines the research agenda at the present time as well.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>математическое моделирование тренировочного процесса</kwd>
    <kwd>теория адаптации</kwd>
    <kwd>кинетика энергетического обмена</kwd>
    <kwd>мощность и ёмкость механизмов энергообеспечения</kwd>
    <kwd>лактат</kwd>
    <kwd>потребление кислорода</kwd>
    <kwd>планирование экстремального эксперимента</kwd>
    <kwd>критическая мощность</kwd>
    <kwd>биоэнергетика спорта</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>mathematical modelling of the training process</kwd>
    <kwd>theory of adaptation</kwd>
    <kwd>kinetics of energy metabolism</kwd>
    <kwd>power and capacity of the energy supply mechanisms</kwd>
    <kwd>lactate</kwd>
    <kwd>oxygen uptake</kwd>
    <kwd>design of an extreme experiment</kwd>
    <kwd>critical power</kwd>
    <kwd>sport bioenergetics</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
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